A Review on Eisenmenger Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Investigations, and Treatment
Omar Elsaka *
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
Moneer Ayman Noureldean
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
Mohamed Adel Gamil
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
Mostafa Tarek Ghazali
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
Ashraf Hamada Abd Al-Razik
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
Dalia Hisham
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) is a group of symptoms caused by a congenital cardiac abnormality that leads to extensive anatomic shunts. Hemodynamic forces cause a left-right shunt, which progresses to severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and increased vascular resistance due to anatomic differences present at birth. The left-to-right shunt will eventually become a right-to-left shunt due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance, culminating in substantial hypoxemia and cyanosis. This exercise explores the diagnosis and treatment of Eisenmenger syndrome, as well as the role of the interprofessional team in the care of individuals with this condition.
Conclusion: This review article aims to: review the pathophysiology of Eisenmenger syndrome, identify patients at high risk for Eisenmenger syndrome, describe the physical exam findings associated with Eisenmenger syndrome, and summarise the importance of improving interprofessional care coordination to improve the delivery of care for Eisenmenger syndrome patients.
Keywords: Eisenmenger syndrome, adult congenital heart disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension-targeted therapy