Tetralogy of Fallot: Diagnosis and Management
Omar Elsaka *
Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
Moneer Ayman Noureldean
Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
Mohamed Adel Gamil
Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
Mostafa Tarek Ghazali
Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
Ashraf Hamada Abd Al-Razik
Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
Dalia Hisham
Department of Cardiology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program (MMMP), Mansoura, Egypt.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Tetralogy of Fallot is a complex heart defect characterized by the presence of a multilevel right ventricular outflow pathway, resulting in right ventricular hypertrophy and misalignment of the ventricular septal defect with aortic overlap. The pulmonary valve is usually small and dysplastic, as is the pulmonary artery. In Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia, it represents the most advanced form of Tetralogy of Fallot, the pulmonary stress valve. Tetralogy of Fallot with the absence of a pulmonary valve is a rare form of the disease, in which only inactive remains of the pulmonary valve are present. A hallmark of this condition is the rapid expansion of the pulmonary artery and its branches, causing compression of the airways. The aim of this review is to explain the nature of the disease and to show the available methods of treatment. Patients with Fallot tetralogy live for more than 15-20 years after their initial surgery. The biggest problem they face is the recurrence of valvular disease.
Keywords: Aortic override, cardiac surgery, coronary arteries, tetralogy of fallot