Asian Journal of Research in Medicine and Medical Science

Precision medicine seeks to improve diagnosis and treatment by accounting for individual biological variability. This narrative review examines how multi-omics technologies, CRISPR–Cas genome engineering, and artificial intelligence are converging to reshape molecular diagnostics, with particular attention to implementation in low- and middle-income countries. Literature published predominantly between 2018 and 2026 was synthesised to evaluate recent advances, representative clinical applications, and requirements for equitable translation. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics, and single-cell and spatial approaches increasingly provide complementary layers of diagnostic information. CRISPR-based platforms extend molecular testing towards rapid and decentralised nucleic acid detection, while artificial intelligence supports biomarker discovery, structural interpretation, genome-engineering design, multimodal data integration, and clinical reporting workflows. Applications discussed include infectious-disease diagnosis and surveillance, tuberculosis drug-resistance profiling, Lassa fever testing, cancer molecular profiling, liquid biopsy, and antimicrobial-resistance detection. The review also identifies persistent constraints involving laboratory infrastructure, bioinformatics capacity, workforce development, regulation, data governance, affordability, and the limited representation of African populations in genomic datasets. A tiered diagnostic and genomic-surveillance architecture is therefore proposed to align technological complexity with health-system capacity. Overall, the review emphasises that equitable precision diagnostics will depend not only on technical innovation but also on sustained investment, locally relevant data, responsible governance, and implementation pathways that connect molecular advances with routine clinical and public-health practice.